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Selection of the most suitable plants or germplasm to produce high quantity and quality of food has been ongoing since the domestication of the crops started almost 10,000 years ago. However, recent genome-based tools have opened opportunities that we could only dream about just 10 years ago. From the low-throughput molecular marker methods first employed in plants on maize in the 1980s, through medium- to high-throughput system marker-assisted selection (MAS) have revolutionized the breeding of the major cereal crops, i.e. wheat, maize, and rice, which are the largest (in terms of production and acreage) crops in the world. For pseudocereals and minor cereals, MAS has been adopted but not to the same extent as for the major crops. The present chapter is reviewing the development of MAS methods and the current state of the art of these methods while used to improve cereals’ and pseudocereals’ yield, resistance/tolerance, and quality.

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