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022			_a2571-581X (Online)
024	8		_ahttps://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1359281
040			_aMX-TxCIM
041			_aeng
100	1		_aLakhena, K.K. _940855
245	1	0	_aImpact of nine years of conservation tillage and precise nutrient management on equivalent yields, soil microbial dynamics, and water-energy footprints of the maize–mustard rotation
260			_aSwitzerland : _bFrontiers Media, _c2025.
500			_aPeer review
500			_aOpen Access
520			_aIn South Asian regions, the traditional maize–mustard rotation (MMR) has become less profitable and unsustainable due to inappropriate fertilization practices and the degradation of soil properties. Therefore, climate-smart and sustainable farm practices are necessary to mitigate production risks and improve soil properties. This study evaluated the long-term impacts of conservation tillage and nutrient management on equivalent yields, soil microbial properties, and water-energy savings. A long-term field experiment was initiated 9 years ago, using the split-plot design to evaluate the three conservation tillage (CA)-based crop establishment practices, i.e., zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT), permanent beds (PNB). Each practice was accompanied by the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), improved RDF (RDFI), and nutrient expert-guided (NEI) fertilization. CA-based tillage (ZT or PNB) resulted in 24.4–25.2% greater maize grain equivalent yields (EY) compared to the CT, while the NEI and RDFI produced statistically (p = 0.05) identical EY, being 26.6–30.3% greater than the RDF. These practices substantially reduced the water footprints, besides 11.9–12.9% and 23.4–26.6% (9-yrs average) greater water productivity compared to CT and RDF, respectively. In fact, at 0–45 cm soil depth, residues retained ZT or PNB had 31.9–42.2%, 56.5–67.2%, and 16.5–18.3% more bacterial (107), fungi (104), and actinomycetes (104) populations, respectively. Across soil depths, ZT or PNB recorded 7.65–11% and 23.2–31.9% greater soil microbial biomass-C and -P, respectively. Compared to CT-based practices, these practices also improved soil mineralizable N (NO3− N/NH4+ N). The conventionally tilled plots consumed greater direct and indirect non-renewable energy than the CA-based residue-retaining practices. By virtue of residue retention, the PNB and ZT had ~108% greater energy input (EI) than the CT, whereas it was vice versa in terms of the energy output (EO). The NEI registered a 7.6–28.7% higher EO than the RDFI and RDF. These long-term field studies demonstrated that adopting CA-based ZT, or PNB, in combination with precise nutrient management would enhance equivalent yields and soil microbial dynamics, besides improving water-energy footprints in maize–mustard growing ecologies.
546			_aText in English
650		7	_aConservation tillage _2AGROVOC _91056
650		7	_aSoil microorganisms _2AGROVOC _97739
650		7	_aNutrients _2AGROVOC _91192
650		7	_aExpert systems _2AGROVOC _940860
650		7	_aYields _2AGROVOC _91313
650		7	_aMaize _2AGROVOC _91173
650		7	_aMustard _2AGROVOC _912552
650		7	_aCrop rotation _2AGROVOC _91807
650		7	_aWater footprint _2AGROVOC _919411
700	1		_aPooniya, V. _94066
700	1		_aBiswakarma, N. _922691
700	1		_aZhiipao, R.R. _922690
700	1		_aSingh, A. _939978
700	1		_aKumar, D. _95693
700	1		_aShivay, Y.S. _940861
700	1		_aGovindasamy, P. _940862
700	1		_aBana, R.S. _925271
700	1		_aRathore, S.S. _97503
700	1		_aUpadhayay, P.K. _940864
700	1		_aBarman, A. _940865
700	1		_aSwarnalakshmi, K. _922692
700	1		_aChoudhary, R.L. _940866
700	1		_aJat, R.D. _96944
700	1		_aRamakrishnan, S. _940867
700	1		_aJat, S.L. _92235
700	1		_aJat, R.K. _gBorlaug Institute for South Asia _8INT3419 _9953
773	0		_tFrontiers in Sustainable Food Systems _dSwitzerland : Frontiers Media, 2025. _g v. 9, art. 1359281 _x2571-581X
856	4		_yOpen Access through DSpace _uhttps://hdl.handle.net/10883/36302
942			_cJA _n0 _2ddc
999			_c69695 _d69687