000			03241nab|a22003737a|4500
001			68797
003			MX-TxCIM
005			20260113153113.0
008			20256s2025|||||gw ||p|op||||00||0|eng|dd
022			_a1436-3798
022			_a1436-378X (Online)
024	8		_ahttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-025-02395-9
040			_aMX-TxCIM
041			_aeng
100	1		_aSapkota, T.B. _gSustainable Agrifood Systems _8INT3361 _9940
245	1	0	_aIndia's fertilizer policies : _bimplications for food security, environmental sustainability, and climate change
260			_aHeidelberg (Germany) : _bSpringer, _c2025.
500			_aPeer review
500			_aOpen Access
520			_aTo ensure food security, the Government of India has implemented various policies since the 1950s to provide enough and affordable fertilizer for farmers. Based on quantitative data, this paper provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of how these policies influenced the fertilizer consumption and nutrient management and their influence on the socio-economic status of rural producers as well as environmental and climate outcomes. Increases in food grain production have paralleled the consumption of fertilizers. Even though the population of India increased more than three times from 1961 to 2022, per capita availability of rice remained almost the same, and that of wheat increased by 2.4 times. The price of urea has continuously decreased since 1977, but the price of diammonium phosphate fell only after the decontrol of phosphatic and potassium fertilizer in 1992, and the implementation of nutrient-based subsidies in 2010. Fertilizer policies have been linked to reductions in rural poverty and the contribution of agriculture to India's gross domestic product. However, the overuse of subsidized urea and underuse of phosphatic and potassium fertilizers have resulted in economic and nutrient use inefficiencies, reduced crop yields, and increased environmental risks, including nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching. India's fertilizer policies must address these environmental challenges while ensuring food security for the growing population. Balanced fertilization should be incentivized through recalibrating subsidies and adopting soil nutrient-based recommendations. Gradual liberalization of urea pricing, alongside measures to ensure the affordability of phosphatic and potassium fertilizers for small and marginal farmers, will be essential to address the food-fertilizers-climatic crisis.
546			_aText in English
597			_dCentro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT) _dCGIAR Trust Fund _fClimate Action
650		7	_aFertilizers _2AGROVOC _91111
650		7	_aPolicies _2AGROVOC _94809
650		7	_aSocioeconomic impact _2AGROVOC _928462
650		7	_aEnvironmental impact _2AGROVOC _94197
650		7	_aClimate change _2AGROVOC _91045
651		7	_aIndia _2AGROVOC _93726
700	0		_aBijay-Singh _920015
773	0		_tRegional Environmental Change _gv. 25, no. 2, art. 63 _dHeidelberg (Germany) : Springer, 2025. _x1436-3798 _wG79239
856	4		_yOpen Access through DSpace _uhttps://hdl.handle.net/10883/35644
942			_cJA _n0 _2ddc
999			_c68797 _d68789