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001			64645
003			MX-TxCIM
005			20211203230100.0
008			191025s2020||||sz |||p|op||||00||0|eng|d
022			_a2071-1050
024	8		_ahttps://doi.org/10.3390/su12166508
040			_aMX-TxCIM
041			_aeng
100	1		_925582 _aHashimi, R.
245	1	0	_aEffects of cultivating rice and wheat with and without organic fertilizer application on greenhouse gas emissions and soil quality in Khost, Afghanistan
260			_aBasel (Switzerland) : _bMDPI, _c2020.
500			_aPeer review
500			_aOpen Access
520			_aThe agricultural sector is the most important economic component in Afghanistan, as 80% of the population is involved. The improvement of cereal production is an urgent task to meet the nation’s demand for the staple within the limited arable land. To promote a sustainable crop production system, this study examined the soil quality to learn the basic knowledge of soil fertility and the environmental impact of different rice–wheat cropping systems in Khost, Afghanistan by using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The economic analysis of each farming system was conducted by the data gathered by the farmers’ interviews along with LCA data collection. The analysis considered the on-farm activities, which were required to produce 1 kg of wheat and rice. It included energy use, production, and farming inputs such as fertilizer and agrochemicals. Conventional farming with organic fertilizer application (CF+OF) was compared with conventional farming (CF). The LCA results showed the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission was higher in rice production compared to wheat production. However, CO2 absorption by the crops was far greater than the total GHG emission in both systems and showed great potential for soil carbon sequestration for mitigation of global warming. The soil examination revealed the CF+OF system increased soil total carbon (TC), active C (AC), total N (TN), soil organic carbon storage (SCS), P, and K+ after four years of organic fertilizer application. The yield of each crop was slightly higher in the CF system; however, the CF+OF system increased net income by reducing the cost for fertilizer. The study concluded the CF+OF system can improve soil fertility in the long term while saving the farming operation cost. Further research is required to determine the best combination of practices to improve cattle manure characteristics and farm management for soil carbon sequestration to promote a sustainable farming system in the country.
546			_aText in English
650		7	_2AGROVOC _91270 _aSoil quality
650		7	_2AGROVOC _91740 _aOrganic fertilizers
650		7	_2AGROVOC _94376 _aCattle
650		7	_2AGROVOC _91310 _aWheat
650		7	_2AGROVOC _91243 _aRice
650		7	_2AGROVOC _91063 _aCrop production
650		7	_2AGROVOC _91953 _aCarbon sequestration
650		7	_2AGROVOC _98210 _aGreenhouse gas emissions
700	0		_aEri Matsuura _925583
700	0		_aMasakazu Komatsuzaki _925584
773	0		_gv. 12, no. 16, art. 6508 _dBasel (Switzerland) : MDPI, 2020. _x2071-1050 _tSustainability
856	4		_yClick here to access online _uhttps://doi.org/10.3390/su12166508
942			_cJA _n0 _2ddc
999			_c64645 _d64637