000			02348nab|a22003137a|4500
999			_c63890 _d63882
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003			MX-TxCIM
005			20211006080842.0
008			200423s2021||||xxk|||p|op||||00||0|eng|d
022			_a2045-2322
024	8		_ahttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91940-7
040			_aMX-TxCIM
041			_aeng
100	1		_aDöring, T.F. _920671
245	1	0	_aUpper limits to sustainable organic wheat yields
260			_aLondon (United Kingdom) : _bNature Publishing Group, _c2021.
500			_aPeer review
500			_aOpen Access
520			_aCurrent use of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers is unsustainable because of its high fossil energy requirements and a considerable enrichment of the biosphere with reactive N. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) from leguminous crops is the most important renewable primary N source, especially in organic farming. However, it remains unclear to which degree BNF can sustainably replace mineral N, overcome the organic to conventional (O:C) yield gap and contribute to food security. Using an agronomic modelling approach, we show that in high-yielding areas farming systems exclusively based on BNF are unlikely to sustainably reach yield levels of mineral-N based systems. For a high reference wheat yield (7.5 t ha−1) and a realistic proportion of fodder legumes in the rotation (33%) even optimistic levels of BNF (282 kg N ha−1), resulted in an O:C ratio far below parity (0.62). Various constraints limit the agricultural use of BNF, such as arable land available for legumes and highly variable performance under on-farm conditions. Reducing the O:C yield gap through legumes will require BNF performance to be increased and N losses to be minimised, yet our results show that limits to the productivity of legume-based farming systems will still remain inevitable.
546			_aText in English
650		7	_2AGROVOC _920672 _aBiological nitrogen fixation
650		7	_aCrop yield _gAGROVOC _2 _91066
650		0	_aProductivity _gAGROVOC _91756
650		7	_aSustainability _gAGROVOC _2 _91283
700	1		_aNeuhoff, D. _920673
773	0		_tNature Scientific Reports _gv. 11, art. 12729 _dLondon (United Kingdom) : Nature Publishing Group, 2021. _x2045-2322 _wa58025
856	4		_yClick here to access online _uhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91940-7
942			_cJA _n0 _2ddc