000			02448nab a22003737a 4500
999			_c61868 _d61860
001			61868
003			MX-TxCIM
005			20200518223509.0
008			180103s2013 xxk|||p|op||| 00| 0 eng d
022			_a1758-678X
022			_a1758-6798 (Online)
024	8		_ahttps://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1702
040			_aMX-TxCIM
041			_aeng
100	1		_913109 _aCarlson, K.M.
245	1	0	_aCarbon emissions from forest conversion by Kalimantan oil palm plantations
260			_aLondon (United Kingdom) : _bNature Publishing Group, _c2013.
500			_aPeer review
520			_aOil palm supplies >30% of world vegetable oil production1. Plantation expansion is occurring throughout the tropics, predominantly in Indonesia, where forests with heterogeneous carbon stocks undergo high conversion rates2,3,4. Quantifying oil palm’s contribution to global carbon budgets therefore requires refined spatio-temporal assessments of land cover converted to plantations5,6. Here, we report oil palm development across Kalimantan (538,346 km2) from 1990 to 2010, and project expansion to 2020 within government-allocated leases. Using Landsat satellite analyses to discern multiple land covers, coupled with above- and below-ground carbon accounting, we develop the first high-resolution carbon flux estimates from Kalimantan plantations. From 1990 to 2010, 90% of lands converted to oil palm were forested (47% intact, 22% logged, 21% agroforests). By 2010, 87% of total oil palm area (31,640 km2) occurred on mineral soils, and these plantations contributed 61–73% of 1990–2010 net oil palm emissions (0.020–0.024 GtC yr−1). Although oil palm expanded 278% from 2000 to 2010, 79% of allocated leases remained undeveloped. By 2020, full lease development would convert 93,844 km2 (∼ 90% forested lands, including 41% intact forests). Oil palm would then occupy 34% of lowlands outside protected areas. Plantation expansion in Kalimantan alone is projected to contribute 18–22% (0.12–0.15 GtC yr−1) of Indonesia’s 2020 CO2-equivalent emissions. Allocated oil palm leases represent a critical yet undocumented source of deforestation and carbon emissions.
546			_aText in English
650		7	_91558 _aClimate _2AGROVOC
650		7	_97299 _aEcosystem services _2AGROVOC
650		7	_91099 _aEnvironmental Sciences _2AGROVOC
650		7	_910373 _aGas emissions _2AGROVOC
650		7	_99240 _aOil palms _2AGROVOC
651		7	_2AGROVOC _95206 _aIndonesia
700	1		_913110 _aCurran, L.M.
700	1		_913111 _aAsner, G.P.
700	1		_913112 _aMcDonald Pittman, A.
700	1		_913113 _aTrigg, S.N.
700	1		_913114 _aAdeney, J.M.
773	0		_gv. 3, no. 3, p. 283-287 _tNature Climate Change _x1758-6798 _dLondon (United Kingdom) : Nature Publishing Group, 2013. _wu97377
942			_2ddc _cJA _n0