000			03441nam a22003857a 4500
999			_c60394 _d60386
001			60394
003			MX-TxCIM
005			20220920151208.0
008			190507s2019 gw ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
022			_a2197-6244
040			_aMX-TxCIM
041	0		_aeng
100	1		_97349 _aKubitza, C.
245	1	0	_aLabor savings in agriculture and inequality at different spatial scales : _bthe expansion of oil palm in Indonesia
260			_aGoettingen (Germany) : _bUniversity of Goettingen, _c2019.
300			_a48 pages
490	0		_aEFForTS Discussion Paper ; _vn. 26 _x2197-6244
500			_aOpen Access
520			_aLabor saving innovations are essential to increase agricultural productivity, but they might also increase inequality through displacing labor. Empirical evidence on such labor displacements is limited. This study uses representative data at local and national scales to analyze labor market effects of the expansion of oil palm among smallholder farmers in Indonesia. Oil palm is labor-saving in the sense that it requires much less labor per unit of land than alternative crops. The labor market effects depend on how oil-palm-adopting farm households reallocate the saved labor time; either to the off-farm sector or to cultivating additional land. If adopters increase their labor supply to the off-farm sector, employment and wages of rural laborers might decrease. This is especially true for female agricultural laborers, who are often employed in alternative crops but less in oil palm, as their labor productivity in this particular crop is lower than that of men. However, our results suggest that oil palm adoption in Indonesia largely led to the cultivation of additional land, entailing higher agricultural labor demand, especially for men. At the same time, the oil palm boom caused broader rural economic development, providing additional employment opportunities also in the non-agricultural sector, thus absorbing some of the female labor released from agriculture. Overall employment rates did not decrease, neither for men nor for women. While this is good news from economic and social perspectives, the cropland expansion contributes to deforestation with adverse environmental effects. Policies to curb deforestation are needed. Forest conservation policies should go hand-in-hand with measures to further improve rural non-agricultural employment opportunities, to avoid negative socioeconomic effects for poor rural laborers, and women in particular.
536			_aFunded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – project number 192626868 – in the framework of the collaborative German-Indonesian research project CRC 990 (SFB): “EFForTS, Ecological and Socioeconomic Functions of Tropical Lowland Rainforest Transformation Systems (Sumatra, Indonesia)”
546			_aText in English
650		7	_2AGROVOC _99240 _aOil palms
650		7	_2AGROVOC _91763 _aSmallholders
650		7	_2AGROVOC _99241 _aLabour market
651		7	_2AGROVOC _95206 _aIndonesia
700	1		_98099 _aBou Dib, J.
700	1		_99244 _aKopp, T.
700	1		_aKrishna, V.V. _8INT2994 _gSocioeconomics Program _gSustainable Agrifood Systems _9558
700	1		_99245 _aNuryartono, N.
700	1		_9263 _aQaim, M.
700	1		_99246 _aRomero, M.
700	1		_99247 _aKlasen, S.
856	4		_yOpen Access through DSpace _uhttps://hdl.handle.net/10883/20162
942			_2ddc _cBK _n0