000			03619nab a22004697a 4500
001			G90111
003			MX-TxCIM
005			20250815121408.0
008			200915s2007 xxu|||p|op||| 00| 0 eng d
022			_a1435-0645 (Online)
024	8		_ahttps://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0227
040			_aMX-TxCIM
041			_aeng
090			_aCIS-5094
100	1		_aBhushan, L. _915826
245	1	0	_aSaving of water and labor in a rice–wheat system with no-tillage and direct seeding technologies
260			_aMadison, WI (USA) : _bASA : _bWiley, _c2007.
340			_aComputer File|Printed
500			_aPeer review
500			_aPeer-review: Yes - Open Access: Yes|http://science.thomsonreuters.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jlresults.cgi?PC=MASTER&ISSN=0002-1962
520			_aConventional tillage and crop establishment methods such as puddled transplanting in the rice–wheat (Oryza sativa L.–Triticum aestivum L.) system in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains (IGP) require a large amount of water and labor, both of which are increasingly becoming scarce and expensive. We attempted to evaluate alternatives that would require smaller amounts of these two inputs. A field experiment was conducted in the IGP for 2 yr to evaluate various tillage and crop establishment systems for their efficiency in labor, water, and energy use and economic profitability. The yields of rice in the conventional puddled transplanting and direct‐seeding on puddled or nonpuddled (no‐tillage) flat bed systems were equal. Yields of wheat following either the puddled‐transplanted or no‐tillage direct‐seeded rice were also equal. Normally, puddled transplanting required 35 to 40% more irrigation water than no‐tillage direct‐seeded rice. Compared with conventional puddled transplanting, direct seeding of rice on raised beds had a 13 to 23% savings of irrigation water, but with an associated yield loss of 14 to 25%. Nevertheless, water use efficiency (WUE) in the rice–wheat system was higher with direct‐seeded rice (0.45 g L−1) than with transplanted rice (0.37–0.43 g L−1). In Year 1, no‐tillage rice–wheat had a higher net return than the conventional system, whereas in Year 2 the net returns were equal. The study showed that the conventional practice of puddled transplanting could be replaced with no‐tillage‐based crop establishment methods to save water and labor. However, the occurrence and distribution of rainfall during the cropping season had considerable influence on the savings in irrigation water.
536			_aBorlaug Institute for South Asia|Conservation Agriculture Program
546			_aText in English
591			_aGathala, M.K. : No CIMMYT Affiliation
594			_aINT3262|CGUR01
650		7	_aCropping systems _2AGROVOC _91068
650		7	_aWater use efficiency _2AGROVOC _91307
650		7	_aWater conservation _2AGROVOC _92274
650		7	_aLabour saving technologies _2AGROVOC _915827
650		0	_aZero tillage _91754
650		7	_aDirect sowing _2AGROVOC _91792
700	1		_aLadha, J.K. _8001711567 _gFormerly Sustainable Agrifood Systems _9168
700	1		_9515 _aGupta, R.K.
700	1		_915828 _aSingh, S.
700	1		_93004 _aPadre, A.T.
700	1		_92059 _aSaharawat, Y.S.
700	1		_aGathala, M.K. _gSustainable Intensification Program _gSustainable Agrifood Systems _8INT3262 _9911
700	1		_92998 _aPathak, H.
773	0		_tAgronomy Journal _n634890 _gv. 99, no. 5, p. 1288-1296 _dMadison, WI (USA) : ASA : Wiley, 2007. _w444482 _x1435-0645
856	4		_uhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12665/94 _yAccess only for CIMMYT Staff
942			_cJA _2ddc _n0
999			_c26845 _d26845