000			03641nab a22004337a 4500
001			G82833
003			MX-TxCIM
005			20241216084415.0
008			220526s2005 nr |||p|op||| 00| 0 eng d
022			_a1684-5315
024	8		_ahttps://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2005.000-3276 _qDOI is wrong in orignial article
040			_aMX-TxCIM
041			_aeng
090			_aCIS-4598
100	1		_aMugo, S.N. _gFormerly Global Maize Program _8INT2460 _9840
245	1	0	_aDeveloping Bt maize for resource-poor farmers - Recent advances in the IRMA project
260			_aNigeria : _bAcademic Journals, _c2005.
340			_aPrinted|Computer File
500			_aPeer-review: No - Open Access: Yes|http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb
500			_aPeer review
500			_aOpen Access
520			_aThis paper presents an overview of the advances in the IRMA project, which develops insect resistant maize varieties for resource-poor farmers, using both conventional breeding and genetic engineering. The project started in 1999 and is active in product development, impact assessment, and communication, all within the Kenya regulatory framework. So far, four application for introduction of tissue or commencement of field research were made to and approved by the National Biosafety Committee (NBC), and Bt maize leaves or seeds genes imported for testing against different stem borer species in bioassays on cut leaves in a biosafety laboratory, in potted plants in a Biosafety Greenhouse, and as whole plants in confined field trials in the Open Quarantine Station (OQS) at KARI Kiboko. All these biosafety facilities were specially built by the project for these evaluations. So far, good control has been realized against four of the five major stem borer species: Chilo partellus, Chilo orichalcociliellus, Eldana saccharina and Sesamia calamistis. Economic impact assessment demonstrated that stem borers are major constraints and cause substantial losses. Resistant maize varieties are likely to be adopted and to provide major returns to the investment if resistance against the economically most important species, Busseola fusca, can be found. Otherwise, returns would still be positive but small. Environmental impact research indicate that build-up of resistance against the Bt genes has not developed after that sufficient natural refugia exist in most areas, but suitable strategies acceptable to farmers need to be developed for some. Surveys, stakeholders meetings and other communications indicate that farmers, consumers and other stakeholders are cautiously optimistic about technology. Frequent interaction with the stakeholders and regulatory agencies assures a participative decision-making process and compliance with the strictest scientific and regulatory standards.
536			_aGlobal Maize Program|Socioeconomics Program
546			_aText in English
591			_a0601| Academic Journals
594			_aINT2512|INT2460
650		7	_aMaize _2AGROVOC _91173
650		7	_96672 _aBacillus thuringiensis _2AGROVOC
650		7	_96439 _aStem eating insects _2AGROVOC
650		7	_98831 _aGenetic engineering _2AGROVOC
700	1		_aDe Groote, H. _gFormerly Socioeconomics Program _gFormerly Sustainable Agrifood Systems _8INT2512 _9841
700	1		_aBergvinson, D.J. _96743
700	1		_aMulaa, M. _927603
700	1		_aSonga, J.M. _921868
700	1		_aGichuki, S. _93402
773	0		_tAfrican Journal of Biotechnology _n633731 _gv. 4, no. 13, p. 1490-1504 _dNigeria : Academic Journals, 2005. _wG76647 _x1684-5315
856	4		_yOpen Access through DSpace _uhttp://hdl.handle.net/10883/3007
942			_cJA _2ddc _n0
999			_c26039 _d26039